Chapter 11 Ten-dimentional Super String Theory

     The Master Teacher's lecture reminded me of a new scientific development of the ten‑dimensional Superstring theory that Princeton physicist Edward Witten claimed as the true unification theory of the physics.  The Superstring theory was unique because it not only provided a unified explanation for all physical activities but it also implied existence of a spiritual world.  The mathematics of the Superstring theory implied a ten-dimensional universe which meant there were six other dimensions that were beyond our normal sensory experiences.  My spiritual experience and the Master Teacher's lecture on the spiritual world affirmed for me that our universe was indeed ten dimensional.

     Following is a summary of the Superstring theory according to my physics notes. 

          Outline for Superstring theory:

     1.  What Relativity and Quantum theory says.

     2.  What Superstring theory says.

     3.  What JeungSan Do says.

     Princeton physicist Edward Witten has boldly claimed that the Superstring theory will dominate the world of physics of the next fifty years.  "Superstring theory is a miracle, through and through. . . .  It is probably going to lead to a new understanding of what space and time are, the most dramatic since general relativity."

     Physicists say they are particularly excited about the superstring theory because it forces them to revise their understanding of the nature of matter.  Since the time of the Greeks, scientists have assumed that the ultimate building blocks of the universe were tiny point particles.  Democritus coined the word atom to describe these ultimate, indestructible units of matter.

     The superstring theory, however, assumes that the ultimate building blocks of nature consists of tiny vibrating strings.  If correct, this means that the protons and neutrons in all matter, everything from our bodies to the farthest star, is ultimately made up of strings.  Nobody has ever seen these strings because they are much too small to be observed (they are about 100 billion billion times smaller than a proton).  According to the superstring theory, our world only appears to be made of point particles, because our measuring devices are too crude to see these tiny strings.

     Knowing the physics of a violin string, therefore, gives us a comprehensive theory of musical tones and allow us to predict entirely new harmonies and chords.  Similarly, in the superstring theory, the fundamental forces and various particles found in nature are nothing but different modes of vibrations of strings.  The gravitational interaction, for example, is caused by the lowest vibratory mode of a circular string - a loop.  Higher excitations of the string create different forms of matter.  From the point of view of the superstring theory, no force or particle is more fundamental than any other.  They are just different vibratory resonances of vibrating strings.  Thus, a single framework - the superstring theory - can in principle explain why the universe is populated with such a rich diversity of particles and atoms.

     The answer to the ancient question, "What is matter?" is simply that matter consists of particles that are just different modes of vibration of the string, such as the note G or F.  The "music" created by the Superstring is matter itself.

     But the fundamental reason why the world's physicists are so excited by this new theory is that it appears to solve perhaps the most important scientific problem of the century: namely, how to unite the four forces of nature into one comprehensive theory.  At the center of this upheaval is the realization that the four fundamental forces governing our universes are actually different manifestations of a single unifying force, governed by the superstring.

1.  What Relativity and Quantum theory says.

     The four fundamental forces.

     1) Gravity

     Gravity is an attractive force that binds together the solar system, keeps the earth and the planets in their orbits, and prevents the stars from exploding.  In our universe, gravity is the dominant force that extends trillions upon trillions of miles, out to the farthest stars; this force, which causes an apple to fall to the ground and which keeps out feet anchored to the floor, is the same force that silently guides the galaxies in their motions throughout the universe.

     2) Electromagnetic force

     The electromagnetic force holds together the atom.  It makes the electrons (with negative charge) orbit around the positively charged nucleus of the atom.  Because the electromagnetic force determines the structure of the orbits of the electrons, it also governs the laws of chemistry.

     On the earth, the electromagnetic force is often strong enough to overpower gravity.  By rubbing a comb, for example, it is possible to pick scraps of paper from a table.  The electromagnetic force thus counteracts the downward force of gravity and dominates over the other forces down to 0.0000000000001 inch (roughly the size of a nucleus).

     Perhaps the most familiar form of the electromagnetic force is light.  When the atom is disturbed, the motion of the electrons around the nucleus becomes irregular and they emit light and other forms of radiation, in the form of X-rays, radar, microwave, or light.  Radio and television, two indispensable parts of our lives, are simply different forms of the electromagnetic force.  Within the nucleus of the atom, the electromagnetic force is overpowered by the weak and strong (nuclear) forces.

     3) Strong force

     The strong force, for example, is responsible for binding together the protons and neutrons in the nucleus.  In any nucleus, all the protons are positively charged.  Left to themselves, their repulsive electric force would tear apart the nucleus.  The strong force, therefore, overcomes the repulsive force between the protons and binds them together.  Roughly speaking, only a few elements can maintain the delicate balance between the strong force (which tends to hold the nucleus together) and the repulsive electric force (which tends to rip apart the nucleus), which helps to explain why there are only about one hundred known elements in nature.  Beyond one hundred protons in the nucleus, even the strong nuclear force has difficulty containing the repulsive electric force between these protons.

     When the strong nuclear force is suddenly unleased, the effect can be catastrophic.  For example, when the uranium nucleus in an atomic bomb is deliberately split, the enormous energies locked within the nucleus are released explosively in the form of a nuclear detonation.  Pound for pound, a nuclear bomb releases over a million times the energy contained in dynamite.  This vividly demonstrates the fact that the strong force can yield significantly more energy than a chemical explosive, which is governed by the electromagnetic force.

     The strong force also explains the reason why stars shine.  A star is basically a huge nuclear furnace in which the strong force within the nucleus is unleashed.  If the sun's energy, for example, were created by burning coal instead of nuclear fuel, only a minuscule fraction of the sun's light would be produced.  The sun would rapidly fizzle and turn into a cinder.  Without sunlight, the earth would turn cold and all life on it would eventually die.  Without the strong force, therefore, the stars would not shine, there would be no sun, and life on earth would be impossible.

     If the strong force were the only force at work inside the nucleus, then most nuclei would be stable.  However, we know from experience that certain nuclei (such as uranium, with ninety-two protons) are so massive that they automatically break apart, releasing smaller fragments and debris, which we call radioactivity.  Quite simply, in these elements the nucleus is unstable and disintegrates.  Therefore, yet another, weaker force must be at work, one that governs radioactivity and is responsible for the disintegration of very heavy nuclei.  This is the weak force.

     4) Weak force

     The weak force is so fleeting and ephemeral that we do not experience it directly in our lives.  However, we feel its indirect effects.  When a Geigercounter is placed next to a piece of uranium, for example, the clicks that one hears measure the radioactivity of the nuclei, which is caused by the weak force.  The energy released by the weak force can also be used to create heat.  For example, the intense heat found in the interior of the earth is partially caused by the decay of radioactive elements deep in the earth's core.  This tremendous heat, in turn, can erupt in volcanic fury if it reaches the earth's surface.  Similarly, the heat released by the core of a nuclear power plant, which can generate enough electricity to light up a city, is also caused by the weak force (as well as the strong force).

     Einstein's General Relativity theory explains gravity - the physics of the very large scale.  It explains the cosmic scale of galaxies, the black hole and the Big Bang that had sent the galaxies hurtling away from one another at enormous speeds at the beginning of our known universe.  But his theory cannot explain the behavior of atoms and molecules.

     Quantum Mechanics, on the other hand, explains the three subatomic forces.  It explains the workings of the World of Small.  It unravels the secrets of nuclear physics.  It unleashes the power of the hydrogen bomb.  It explains the workings of everything from transistors to lasers.  In fact, the theory is so powerful, if we had enough time, we could predict all the properties of the chemical elements by computer.  But this theory does not explain gravity.  This is why the scientists are so thrilled about the Superstring theory.  It explains the workings of the very large to the very small.  It explains both gravity and subatomic forces.

     According to Einstein's theory, the universe was born about ten to twenty billion years ago in a gigantic explosion called the Big Bang.  Theologians as well as scientists have for years realized the incompleteness of the Big Bang theory, because it fails to explain the origin and nature of the Big Bang itself.  Incredibly, the superstring theory predicts what happened before the Big Bang.

2.  What Superstring theory says.

     According to the superstring theory, the universe originally existed in ten dimensions, not the four dimensions (three space dimensions and one time dimension) of today.  However, because the universe was unstable in ten dimensions, it "cracked" into two pieces, with a small, four-dimensional universe peeling off from the rest of the universe.  By analogy, imagine a soap bubble that is vibrating slowly.  If the vibrations become strong enough, the soap bubble becomes unstable and fissions into two or more smaller soap bubbles.  Imagine that the original soap bubble represents the ten-dimensional universe, and that one of the smaller soap bubbles represents our present day universe.

     If this theory is true, it means that our universe actually has a "sister universe" that co-exists with our universe.  It also means that the original fissioning of our universe was so violent that it created the explosion we refer to as the Big Bang.  The superstring theory, therefore, explains the Big Bang as a byproduct of a much more violent transition, the cracking of the ten-dimensional universe into two pieces.

     One need not have to worry, however, that one day as one is walking down the street one will suddenly "fall" into another other-dimensional universe as though in a science fiction novel.  According to the superstring theory, the other multidimensional universe has shrunk to such an incredibly small size (about 100 billion billion times smaller than the nucleus of an atom) that it can never be reached by humans.  Thus, it becomes an academic question what higher dimensions look like.  In this sense, the prospect of traveling between higher dimensions was possible only at the origin of the universe, when the universe was ten-dimensional and interdimensional travel was physically possible.

     Dark matter has been predicted in the past, but wherever scientists trained their telescopes and instruments in the heavens, they found only the hundred or so familiar chemical elements existing on the earth.  Even stars in the farthest reaches of the universe are made of ordinary hydrogen, helium, oxygen, carbon, and other elements.  On one hand, this was reassuring, knowing that wherever we traveled in outer space, our rocket ships would encounter only the chemical elements found on the earth.  The superstring theory might possibly change all that. 

     The process of fissioning from a ten-dimensional universe down to smaller universes will likely create a new form of matter.  This matter has weight, like all matter, but is totally invisible (hence the name).  Dark matter is also tasteless and has no smell.  Even our most sensitive instruments cannot detect its presence.  If you could hold this dark matter in your hand, it would certainly feel heavy, but it would otherwise be invisible and undetectable.  In fact, the only way to detect this dark matter is by its weight; it has no other known form of interaction with other forms of matter.

     Dark matter may also help to explain one of the puzzles of cosmology.  If there is sufficient matter in the universe, then the gravitational attraction of the galaxies should slow down the expansion and even possibly reverse it, causing the universe to collapse.  However, there is conflicting data as to whether there is enough matter in the universe to cause this reversal and eventual collapse.  Astronomers who have tried to calculate the total amount of matter in the visible universe find that there is simply not enough matter in stars and galaxies to cause the universe to collapse.  However, other calculations (based on calculating the red shifts and luminosities of stars) indicate that the universe might collapse.  This is called the "missing mass" problem. 

     If the superstring theory is correct, then dark matter may explain why astronomers fail to see this form of matter in their telescopes and instruments.  If this theory of dark matter is correct, there may be dark matter pervading the entire universe.  (Indeed, there may be more dark matter than ordinary matter).  In this regard, the superstring theory not only clarifies what happened before the Big Bang but predicts what may happen at the death of the universe.

3.  What JeungSan Do says.

     The Superstring theory made much sense to me now that I knew of the spiritual world.  The world of physics was finally coming up with a mathematical model for the spiritual world.  In The Truth of JeungSan Do book there was an interesting concept laid out by the Master Teacher.  It went further than the Superstring theory in dimensional concepts and explained the workings of the other six dimensions and how they interacted with our four dimensional world.

     According to JeungSan Do our universe expands and contracts within the cycle of 129,600 years causing a cosmic scale spring, summer, fall and winter.  Yet so far the expansion of the universe was greater than the contraction.  This means beside the original Big Bang, there had been numerous smaller Big Bangs.  These events JeungSan Do calls GaeByuk.  Also, this means that temporary contraction does not mean the death of universe - it means a temporary resting period (Cosmic Winter).  These contractions cannot be detected with our instruments because they are within the realm of other six dimensions.  JeungSan Do predicts that a ten-dimensional universe shall open up on earth when the Cosmic Fall Time comes.  JeungSan Do also spells out how this occurs by showing that there are all together ten forces that govern our universe rather than known four fundamental forces.

     According to JeungSan Do in addition to known four forces, there is a fifth Neutral force that acts as an intermediating force.  This Neutral force, in combination with the four fundamental forces, generates opposite-gravity, opposite-electromagnetic force, opposite-strong force and opposite-weak force.  These opposite-forces govern the spiritual world.  U.F.O.'s which seem to defy gravity can be said to be utilizing the opposite-gravity force.  The gravity with opposite-gravity explains the expansion and contraction of our universe.  The fifth Neutral force in combination with itself generates the tenth opposite-neutral force.  The neutral force, combined with the opposite-neutral force, explains the shifting of earth's axis.  And within the mathematics of the Superstring theory, if all ten forces are accounted as variables, then one should be able to predict the behavior of the axis shifting. 

     After thinking about JeungSan Do's claim on opposite forces, I thought about the Superstring theory.  The Superstring theory stated not only ourselves made up of invisible tiny strings; but also our universe was connected by invisible strings.  If there was one force that was pulling the string at the one end, then I guessed it was only natural that there was an opposite force that was pulling the same string at the other end.  I thought to myself that the forces that manifested and deleted these strings could be the two neutral forces. 

     The claims of JeungSan Do made much sense to me within the context of the Superstring theory.  I had thought that if we could only identify this fifth Neutral force, then all other opposite forces should fall into place.

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